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The Ural ((ロシア語:Урал), ) or Jayıq/Zhayyq ((バシキール語:Яйыҡ) , (カザフ語:Жайық), ), known as Yaik ((ロシア語:Яик)) before 1775, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in Eurasia. It originates in the southern Ural Mountains and ends at the Caspian Sea. At , it is the third-longest river in Europe after the Volga and the Danube, and the 18th-longest river in Asia. The Ural River is conventionally considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia. The Ural River arises near Mount Kruglaya in the Ural Mountains, flows south parallel and west of the north-flowing Tobol River, through Magnitogorsk, and around the southern end of the Urals, through Orsk where it turns west for about , to Orenburg, when the Sakmara River joins. From Orenburg it continues west, passing into Kazakhstan, then turning south again at Oral, and meandering through a broad flat plain until it reaches the Caspian a few miles below Atyrau, where it forms a fine digitate delta at ().〔(Ural River Delta, Kazakhstan ) (NASA Earth Observatory)〕 ==Geography== The river begins at the slopes of the Kruglaya Mountain〔(Ural River ), Encyclopædia Britannica〕 of the Uraltau mountain ridge in South Ural, on the territory of the Uchalinsky District of Bashkortostan. There it has an average width of and flows as a typical mountain river. It then falls into the Yaik Swamp and after exiting it widens up to . Below Verkhneuralsk, its flow is characteristic of a flatland river; there it enters Chelyabinsk and Orenburg Oblasts. From Magnitogorsk to Orsk its banks are steep and rocky and the bottom has many rifts. After Orsk, the river abruptly turns west and flows through a long canyon in the Guberlinsk Mountains. After Uralsk, it flows from north to south, through the territory of West Kazakhstan Province and Atyrau Province of Kazakhstan. There, the river widens and has many lakes and ducts. Near the mouth, it splits into the Yaik and Zolotoy distributaries〔V. A. Balkov. (Ural ) (in Russian). bashedu.ru〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】language=Russian )〕 and forms vast wetlands. The Yaik distributary is shallow, with almost no trees on the shores, and is rich in fish; whereas Zolotoy is deeper and is navigable.〔 Ural River has a spectacular tree-like (or “digitate”) shape of the delta (see image). This type of delta forms naturally in the slow rivers which deliver a great deal of sediments and flow into a quiet sea.〔 In the delta, from the mouth of the Zolotoy distributary lies Shalyga Island, which is long, with heights of and maximum widths of .〔Zonn, p. 375〕 The tributaries, in order going upstream, are Kushum, Derkul, Chagan, Irtek, Utva, Ilek (major, left), Bolshaya Chobda, Kindel, Sakmara (major, right), Salmys, Or (major, left) and Suunduk.〔 The entire length of the Ural River is considered the Europe-Asia boundary by most authoritative sources.〔 "Europe" (plate 59); "Asia" (plate 74): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."〕 Rarely, the smaller, shorter Emba River is claimed as the continental boundary,〔Zonn, p. 178〕 but that pushes "Europe" much further into "Central Asian" Kazakhstan. The Ural River bridge in Orenburg is even labeled with permanent monuments carved with the word "Europe" on one side, "Asia" on the other.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Orenburg bridge monument photos )〕 Regardless, Kazakhstan has some European territory and is at times included in European political and sports organizations 〔(Progress aplenty in Kazakhstan ), uefa.com〕〔(Why Europe plays against Asians ) (in Russian). sport.ua (2008-09-10)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ural River」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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